黄土高原不同土壤类型对桃树水分运转影响的模拟

根据不同土壤的水分特征曲线、气孔导度模型、冠层蒸腾模型和RC模型模拟出黄土高原不同土壤类型下桃树(Prunus persicavar.nectarina Maxim)的水分运转动态。在逐步干旱过程中各类土壤维持桃树蒸腾的时间和桃树散失的水分总量均依次为中壤土>轻壤土>紧砂土>重壤土,中壤土的保水能力最好,重壤土的可利用水最少,中壤土维持蒸腾的时间最长,但中壤土、轻壤土和紧砂土之间的保水能力与维持蒸腾的时间无显著差异。在整个干旱周期过程中气孔导度、叶片水势和组织贮存水均呈波动式减小,其总体趋势与土壤水势相一致。     

Relative efficiency,ureide transport and harvest index in soybeans inoculated with isogenic HUP mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Summary Differences between isogenic uptake hydrogenase (HUP) mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in terms of nodule efficiency, N₂ fixation and N incorporation into various plant parts were studied in a monoxenic greenhouse experiment in order to confirm previous results with soybeans and beans inoculated with various HUP⁺ and HUP^– strains. The HUP+ revertant PJ17-1 of a HUP^– mutant (PJ17) of strain USDA DES 122 showed a completely restored relative efficiency (100% versus 78±2% for the HUP^– mutant), higher nodule efficiency (N₂ fixed per g nodules), higher ureide-N transport rates, higher N contents in pods and higher N harvest indices. All these observations confirm previous experiments with HUP⁺ and HUP^– strains.     

Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants

Oxidation of CH₄ in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH₄ emission after incubation under air, N₂, or 40% O₂. No significant rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH₄ emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH₄ emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N₂ caused a much stronger CH₄ flux than inhibition of CH₄ oxidation alone. Apparently, N₂ incubation not only blocked CH₄ oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O₂ atmosphere (40% O₂) than ambient air decreased the CH₄ flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH₄ fluxes from rice agriculture. The O₂ pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH₄ flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH₄ flux reduction than rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation.     

阿特拉津在饱和砂质壤土中非平衡运移的模拟

针对农药阿特拉津在稳定流场饱和砂质壤土中的运移 ,根据平衡与非平衡假设条件下对流—弥散方程数学模型的解析解 ,基于易混合置换实验获得的阿特拉津和示踪溶质Br- 的穿透曲线及批量平衡法求得的阻滞因子 ,应用CXTFIT 2 0软件 ,通过拟合土柱实验中溶质的出流浓度变化 ,估算了模型的有关参数 ,在此基础上模拟分析了实验土柱不同埋深处阿特拉津的出流浓度和累积淋溶量动态 ,结果表明 ,化学非平衡的两点模型对本文实验条件下阿特拉津运移的仿真具有较高的精度     

蒸发条件下粘土层对土壤水和溶质运移影响的模拟

以土壤水和溶质运移的动力学原理为基础 ,采用数值模拟方法 ,研究了在浅层地下水和蒸发条件下含有粘土层土壤的水和Cl-的运移状况 ,重点探讨了两种粘土的层位和层厚对水和Cl-运移影响的差别及原因。研究结果表明 ,粘土层对土壤的水和溶质运移影响的程度 ,与层状土壤中该粘土及其组合土壤的水力学性质有关。本文模拟的重粘土 (简称Y粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,其基本情况为 ,随粘土层层位的升高和层厚加大 ,土壤水分蒸发和地下水补给速率降低 ,Cl-积累减少。而轻粘土 (简称R粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,由于它们的导水率曲线在压力水头h约 - 10 0 0cm处相交 ,当h低于此值时 ,R粘土的导水率就大于轻壤土的。因此 ,蒸发、补给速率和Cl-积累强度出现以顶位最高 ,甚至高于均质轻壤土 ,其次为底位 ,最低为中部层位的现象。在蒸发条件下Cl-在剖面中的积聚部位主要是土表。粘土层的存在 ,起到了阻滞作用 ,而阻滞程度则与该粘土水力学性质、层位、厚度和地下水埋深有关     

套种模式下不同灌水方式对玉米根系区土壤水盐 运移及产量的影响

套种模式下,采用玉米沟灌和常规畦灌两种灌水方式,对其各生育期内根系区灌水前及收获前的土壤水分、盐分的运移规律进行试验研究,旨在分析盐碱地条件下两种灌水方式对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:沟灌条件下玉米的根系区要经历一个较常规畦灌更长的低水分阶段;两种灌水方式下玉米根系区灌前各土层含水率均呈"S"形变化规律;低水分条件下沟灌较常规畦灌对于降低土壤盐分具有更好的效果;沟灌条件下,玉米土壤含盐量呈现出近"倒V"形变化规律,开沟起垄后盐分的积累是造成玉米减产的主导因素;开沟后土壤毛管断裂是造成出苗率低的直接原因;虽然沟灌较常规畦灌玉米产量降低3.93%,但综合水分利用效率高48.17%,综合节水30%。因此,综合考虑,如果制定合理的灌溉制度和种植管理模式,玉米沟灌的灌水方式在河套灌区有较好的应用前景。     

土壤溶质运移研究动态及展望

土壤溶质运移的研究是目前土壤物理学、环境科学和农业灌溉学的重要研究领域 ,本文根据国内外学者对土壤溶质运移转化方面的研究成果 ,综述了土壤溶质运移研究中的优势流、模型的建立、新的研究手段的采用以及方程参数的确定 ,并简要讨论了土壤溶质运移的发展趋势。     

Soil translocation resulting from multiple passes of tillage under normal field operating conditions

Until now, most tillage erosion experiments were conducted under controlled soil and operating conditions. However, soil condition, tillage depth, speed and direction generally show substantial within-field variation. In this study, a series of tillage experiments were set up to investigate the erosivity of tillage under normal operating conditions. The effect of a typical tillage sequence, including multiple mouldboard, chisel and harrow passes, on soil translocation and tillage erosion was studied during a period of 3 years. Soil translocation in excess of 10 m was observed while the average net translocation rates ranged between 0 and 0.9 m. The results suggest that the annual tillage transport coefficient, associated with mechanized agriculture, is in the order of 781 kg m⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The experimental results also show that the tillage transport coefficient of a sequence of tillage operations can be reasonably well predicted from information provided by the farmer and by summing the transport coefficients obtained from controlled, single pass experiments. However, a Monte Carlo simulation showed that a relatively high number of tillage operations are required to obtain accurate estimates of the tillage transport coefficients in multiple pass experiments.     

Ion Transport Dynamics in Acid Variable Charge Subsoils

This is a mini-review of the research work conducted by the authors with the objective of studying ion transport in variable charge subsoils collected from different areas around the world. An attempt is made in these studies to relate the unique behavior manifested during ionic transport in these subsoils with their mineralogical, physical and chemical properties, which are markedly different from those in soils from temperate regions. The variable charge subsoils have a relatively high salt sorption capacity and anion exchange capacity (AEC) that retards anions downward movement. The AEC correlates closely with the anion retardation coefficients. Ca²⁺ applied with gypsum in topsoil may be transported to the subsoil and may improve the subsoil chemical properties. These results may help in developing appropriate management strategies under a range of mineralogical, physical, and chemical conditions.